Early Symptoms of Brain Tumors most people ignore – A Doctor’s Guide

Types of Brain Tumours

Gliomas

Gliomas are tumors originating from glial cells in the brain or spinal cord, which support and protect neurons. They constitute about one-third of all brain tumors and vary in aggressiveness. Types include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and glioblastomas—the most aggressive form. Symptoms depend on the tumor location and may involve headaches, seizures, or cognitive changes. Treatment options encompass surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, tailored to the tumor's type and grade.

Meningiomas

These tumors arise from the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Most meningiomas are benign and slow-growing, but some can be atypical or malignant.

Pituitary Adenomas

Originating from the pituitary gland, these tumours can affect hormone production, leading to various systemic symptoms. They are generally benign and treatable.

Schwannomas

Developing from Schwann cells that insulate nerves, schwannomas are typically benign. The most common type is the vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), which affects the nerve responsible for balance and hearing.

Causes of Brain Tumour 

The exact causes of brain tumors remain largely unknown; however, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. Here are some key factors:

• Ionizing Radiation Exposure: High doses of ionizing radiation, such as those from radiation therapy or frequent CT scans, have been linked to an increased risk of brain tumors.

• Genetic Disorders: Certain inherited conditions, including neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis, can predispose individuals to brain tumors. 

• Family History: Having a family history of brain tumors may slightly elevate the risk, although most cases are not hereditary. 

• Weakened Immune System: Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, have a higher risk of developing certain brain tumors like central nervous system lymphomas. 

• Age and Gender: Brain tumors can occur at any age but are more common in children and older adults. Some types are more prevalent in men, while others, like meningiomas, are more common in women. 

• Exposure to Chemicals: Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial solvents, may be associated with an increased risk of brain tumors. 

• Viral Infections: Infections like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been linked to a higher risk of developing brain tumors.

• Previous Cancers: Individuals who have had cancers like breast, lung, or melanoma may develop secondary brain tumors due to metastasis.

It's important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee the development of a brain tumor, and many people with brain tumors have no known risk factors.

Early Warning Signs of Brain Tumours

1. Persistent Headaches

While headaches are common, those associated with brain tumours often have distinct characteristics:

• Worsening over time

• More severe in the morning or during physical activity

• Accompanied by nausea or vomiting

These headaches may not respond to typical pain relievers and could indicate increased intracranial pressure.

2. Seizures

Experiencing a seizure without a prior history is a significant red flag. Seizures can manifest as

• Uncontrolled movements

• Temporary confusion

• Loss of consciousness

Such episodes warrant immediate medical evaluation.

3. Cognitive and Personality Changes

Tumours can affect areas of the brain responsible for behaviour and cognition, leading to:

• Memory problems

• Difficulty concentrating

• Mood swings or personality shifts

These changes are often subtle and may be mistaken for stress or ageing.

4. Vision and Hearing Issues

Tumours near the optic or auditory nerves can cause:

• Blurred or double vision

• Loss of peripheral vision

• Hearing loss or ringing in the ears

Persistent sensory disturbances should be assessed by a healthcare professional.

5. Balance and Coordination Problems

Difficulty with balance, coordination, or fine motor skills may indicate a tumour affecting the cerebellum or brainstem. Symptoms include:

• Frequent falls

• Clumsiness

• Unsteady gait

Such issues should not be dismissed, especially if they worsen over time.

6. Nausea and Vomiting

Unexplained nausea or vomiting, particularly in the morning, can be a sign of increased intracranial pressure due to a tumour. If these symptoms persist without an obvious cause, medical evaluation is necessary.

7. Unusual Weight Changes

Sudden weight gain or loss without changes in diet or activity levels may be linked to hormonal imbalances caused by tumours affecting the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

If you or someone you know experiences any combination of the above symptoms, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly. Early diagnosis through imaging studies like MRI or CT scans can lead to timely treatment and better outcomes.

Diagnostic Tests to Detect Brain Tumours

• Neurological Examination: Assesses vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength, and reflexes to identify areas of the brain that may be affected. 

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images of brain structures. Specialized MRI techniques include: Functional MRI (fMRI), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), Perfusion MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). 

• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Utilizes X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain, helpful in emergency situations or when MRI is contraindicated. 

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Detects areas of increased metabolic activity, aiding in distinguishing tumor tissue from normal tissue.

• Biopsy: Involves obtaining a tissue sample for histological examination to determine tumor type and grade. 

• Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): Extracts cerebrospinal fluid to detect cancer cells or biomarkers, especially in cases of suspected spread to the central nervous system.

• Blood Tests: Evaluate overall health and detect specific tumor markers or hormonal imbalances associated with certain brain tumors.

World Brain Tumour Day 2025

World Brain Tumour Day is observed annually on June 8 to raise awareness about brain tumours and support those affected by them. The day continues to emphasise the importance of early detection, timely treatment, and ongoing research to improve outcomes for patients worldwide. By highlighting the challenges faced by individuals with brain tumours and promoting education and advocacy, this observance aims to foster a global community committed to combating brain tumours and enhancing patient care.

Theme 2025 – Brain Health For All Ages

This year, the day emphasises a comprehensive approach to neurological well-being throughout the lifespan. The campaign is structured around five pivotal action areas:

• Awareness: Elevating global consciousness about brain health by addressing stigma and promoting early detection of neurological disorders.

• Education: Empowering healthcare professionals, caregivers, and the public with up-to-date scientific knowledge and practical training to advance brain health initiatives. 

• Prevention: Implementing evidence-based strategies, such as proper nutrition, vaccinations, hypertension control, and lifestyle modifications, to mitigate risk factors associated with neurological conditions. 

• Access to Care and Disability Management: Ensuring equitable access to high-quality neurological care, rehabilitation services, and assistive technologies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

• Advocacy: Driving policy reforms, increasing research funding, and strengthening healthcare infrastructures to reduce the global burden of neurological disorders.

Conclusion

Awareness of the early signs of brain tumours is vital. By paying attention to persistent or unusual symptoms and seeking medical advice when necessary, individuals can take proactive steps toward their health and well-being. Contact Manipal Hospital Delhi today to get expert Neurosurgeon advice.