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When it comes to treating serious conditions of the brain, a craniotomy is often the go-to surgical option. While the idea of brain surgery can sound overwhelming, a craniotomy has helped save and improve countless lives by allowing surgeons to directly access and treat brain abnormalities. Understanding the craniotomy procedure, its recovery, and possible risks can go a long way in helping patients and their families prepare for the journey ahead.
Synopsis
What is a Craniotomy?
A craniotomy is a type of brain surgery in which a portion of the skull called a bone flap is carefully removed to expose the brain. Once the surgery is complete, the bone flap is replaced and secured. This procedure gives surgeons access to the brain for a wide range of medical conditions, including:
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Brain tumour, Blood clots (haematomas)
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neurysms.
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Brain infections.
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Epileptic seizures.
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Traumatic injuries.
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Brain swelling or pressure relief.
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Diagnostic biopsies.
It’s important to understand that a craniotomy is not the treatment itself but a method of gaining access to the brain to perform the necessary operation.
The Craniotomy Procedure- Step-by-Step
A craniotomy procedure is usually carried out under general anaesthesia, meaning the patient is asleep throughout. However, in some cases, such as when operating near areas of the brain that control speech or movement, an “awake craniotomy” might be performed.
Here’s a typical step-by-step process:
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Preparation: The scalp is shaved and cleaned. Using advanced imaging like MRI or CT scans, the surgical area is carefully mapped out.
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Incision: A cut is made in the scalp, and a section of the skull is removed.
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Surgical intervention: The underlying issue is addressed, such as removing a tumour or repairing a blood vessel.
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Closure: The bone flap is replaced and fixed using plates and screws. The scalp is then stitched closed.
The duration of surgery can vary, usually lasting between 3 and 6 hours, depending on the complexity.
Why Might You Need a Craniotomy?
Doctors may recommend a craniotomy for various reasons. Some common conditions include:
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Brain tumours: Both benign and malignant tumours can be removed using this method.
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Aneurysms: Weak areas in blood vessels can be clipped or sealed.
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Clots or bleeding: After trauma or stroke, removing pooled blood can prevent further brain damage.
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Infections or abscesses: To drain fluid or infected tissue.
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Seizures: When medications don’t control epilepsy, surgical removal of affected tissue might help.
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Diagnostic purposes: Taking a brain tissue sample (biopsy) when other tests are inconclusive.
How to Prepare for a Craniotomy
Preparation before a craniotomy is crucial for ensuring safety and success. At Manipal Hospitals Patiala, patients undergo a thorough pre-operative assessment, which may include:
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Imaging tests: MRI and CT scans to plan the safest surgical path.
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Blood tests and ECG: To ensure the patient is fit for surgery.
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Medication review: Certain drugs, like blood thinners, may need to be paused.
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Fasting: You’ll be asked not to eat or drink for 6–8 hours before surgery.
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Hospital stay planning: You’ll usually stay in the hospital for a few days post-op.
Discuss all concerns with your neurosurgeon beforehand, and don’t hesitate to ask questions about the procedure.
Craniotomy Surgery Recovery: What to Expect
Craniotomy surgery recovery can be a gradual process and depends on the individual’s condition, age, and overall health. Patients are usually moved to the intensive care unit (ICU) immediately after surgery for monitoring.
Short-Term Recovery:
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ICU stay: Usually 1 to 2 days to monitor brain function, bleeding, and swelling.
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Hospital stay: Most patients stay 5 to 7 days for observation and initial recovery.
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Pain and swelling: Managed with medications.
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Physical support: Early mobilisation is encouraged to reduce complications like blood clots.
Long-Term Recovery
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Weeks 1–4: Fatigue is common. Gradual return to simple activities at home is advised.
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Months 1–3: Many patients resume daily activities, but driving or working may still be restricted.
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Rehabilitation: Some people may need physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy based on symptoms.
Your medical team will guide you on when it's safe to resume work, exercise, or travel. Follow-up appointments are essential to track your healing progress.
Post-operative Care and Lifestyle Tips
Recovery doesn't end when you leave the hospital. Here’s how to care for yourself at home:
1. Sleep and Rest
Sleep with your head elevated to reduce pressure and swelling. Avoid sleeping on the side of the surgical site.
2. Diet and Hydration
Start with soft, nutritious foods and stay well hydrated. A balanced diet supports healing.
3. Physical Activity
Avoid heavy lifting, bending, or strenuous exercise. Gentle walking can aid circulation.
4. Driving and Work
Do not drive until your neurosurgeon clears you. Return to work depends on your job type and recovery speed.
5. Emotional Health
Mood swings, anxiety, and memory lapses are common. If these issues persist, seek support from a psychologist or counsellor.
6. Wound Care
Keep the incision site clean and dry. Follow instructions for bandage changes and monitor for signs of infection.
The compassionate team at Manipal Hospital Patiala offers postoperative support and rehabilitation plans tailored to each patient.
Risks and Complications of Craniotomy
While craniotomies are generally safe in experienced hands, like any major surgery, they carry some risks:
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Bleeding or clot formation.
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Infection of the brain or wound.
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Seizures.
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Brain swelling or stroke.
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Weakness or speech difficulty.
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Fluid build-up (hydrocephalus)
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Memory or personality changes.
These risks are carefully monitored and managed in a hospital setting. Always report symptoms like fever, severe headache, vomiting, or confusion immediately.
Conclusion
A craniotomy is a critical surgical procedure that offers hope and healing for many complex neurological conditions. While the road to recovery may be challenging, proper preparation, a skilled surgical team, and strong postoperative care make a significant difference.
If you or your loved one is recommended for a craniotomy, know that you’re not alone. With expert neurosurgeons, advanced imaging, and holistic post-op care, Manipal Hospital Patiala is committed to guiding you every step of the way—safely and compassionately. Book an appointment now!
FAQ's
No pain is felt during the procedure due to anaesthesia. Post-operative pain is manageable with medication.
Usually for 24 to 48 hours, unless complications arise.
Many patients benefit from physical therapy, especially if mobility, speech, or coordination is affected.
Anywhere from 3 to 6 hours, depending on the condition being treated.
General anesthesia in most cases. Some surgeries near functional areas may involve conscious sedation (awake craniotomy).
Yes, it is often used to obtain a tissue sample when a brain lesion needs a confirmed diagnosis.
Fatigue, memory issues, or seizures can persist in some, but many recover fully with time and rehab.
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