Epilepsy: Understanding Seizures, Symptoms, And Treatment

What Causes Epilepsy?

A single factor does not cause epilepsy; it can result from different conditions or events.

• Genetic influence—Certain types of epilepsy are inherited. For example, if a parent has a genetic form, the child may be more prone to seizures due to specific changes in brain cell communication.

• Head trauma—Road accidents, sports injuries, or falls that cause significant brain injury can lead to scar tissue formation, which disrupts normal electrical activity.

• Brain conditions—tumours, blood clots, or the after-effects of a stroke can interfere with brain function and trigger seizures.

• Infections—Conditions like meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis (a parasitic infection) are well-known triggers in parts of India.

• Developmental disorders—Autism, brain malformations, or oxygen deprivation at birth can cause long-term changes leading to epilepsy.

• Unknown causes. In many cases, doctors cannot pinpoint the exact reason, which is referred to as idiopathic epilepsy.

By identifying the cause, neurologists can personalise an epilepsy treatment plan that targets the root problem.

Types of Epilepsy and Seizures

Epilepsy is classified into two main categories based on where the seizure begins:

1. Focal (Partial) Seizures.

These start in one part of the brain.

• Simple partial seizures—The person stays conscious but may experience muscle twitching, unusual smells or tastes, or tingling sensations.

• Complex partial seizures - Awareness is impaired; the person may stare blankly, move their hands repeatedly, or appear confused after the event.

2. Generalised Seizure.

These involve the whole brain from the start.

• Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal) - Sudden loss of consciousness and muscle stiffening, followed by rhythmic jerking, often with fatigue afterwards.

• Absence (Petit Mal) – Brief episodes of staring, common in children, sometimes mistaken for daydreaming.

• Atonic seizures – Sudden loss of muscle control, leading to unexpected falls.

• Myoclonic seizures – Quick, shock-like jerks in the arms or legs.

• Tonic seizures – Sudden stiffening of muscles without the jerking phase.

Correctly identifying the seizure type is crucial for choosing the right epilepsy treatment.

Common Epilepsy Symptoms

Epilepsy symptoms vary widely, but some common signs include:

• Sudden loss of consciousness.

• Muscle spasms or jerking in limbs.

• Staring spells with no response.

• Confusion before or after the event.

• Sudden emotional changes such as fear, anxiety, or déjà vu.

• Sensory changes like smelling something unusual or feeling tingling.

Not all seizures involve shaking—some are so subtle they go unnoticed, which is why medical evaluation is essential. If you are experiencing any of the mentioned symptoms, it is important to consult with a team of experts at the best neurosurgery hospital in Baner.

A Real-Life Story: From Fear to Freedom

Ramesh, a 32-year-old software engineer from Pune, had his first seizure during a team meeting. One moment, he was presenting slides; the next, he collapsed, waking up in the hospital, confused and scared.

Initially, he dismissed it as a result of exhaustion. But a second seizure within a month led to an EEG and MRI, confirming epilepsy. The diagnosis hit him hard. He worried about losing his driving license, being judged by colleagues, and the possibility of constant medical bills.

Ramesh’s family turned to Manipal Hospital Baner, where he met a neurologist who explained that epilepsy is treatable and manageable. He was prescribed antiepileptic medication, given dietary and sleep recommendations, and advised to avoid common seizure triggers like sleep deprivation and high stress.

The first few weeks were challenging. Ramesh feared another seizure at work. But over the months, with consistent treatment and regular follow-ups, he regained confidence. Six months later, he has not had a single seizure. He even started giving talks at his workplace to raise awareness.

“Epilepsy no longer controls me,” Ramesh says, “because I now understand it and have the right care.” His journey shows that with timely medical help, epilepsy can be kept under control.

Is Epilepsy Curable?

Epilepsy currently has no universal cure, but it is highly treatable. Many patients become seizure-free with medications, and some children may outgrow the condition.

For people with drug-resistant epilepsy, surgery may be an option. This involves removing or disconnecting the brain area causing seizures. Other treatments like Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) and the ketogenic diet have shown positive results in select cases.

The aim is always the same: reduce seizures, improve quality of life, and enable independence.

Epilepsy Treatment Options

Treatment is always personalised, but common approaches include:

1. Medications (Antiepileptic Drugs – AEDs).

The first-line treatment. These drugs control seizures in about 70% of patients but require regular check-ups to adjust doses.

2. Surgery.

For seizures starting in a specific, removable brain area, surgery can bring long-term relief.

3. Dietary Therapy.

The ketogenic diet, rich in fats and low in carbs, has helped many children and adults with hard-to-treat epilepsy.

4. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS).

A small device implanted under the skin sends mild electrical signals to the brain to prevent seizures.

5. Lifestyle Modifications.

Adequate sleep, stress management, avoiding triggers like alcohol, and sticking to prescribed medications.

At Manipal Hospital Baner, neurologists combine these options to design the most effective and practical care plan for each patient.

Living with Epilepsy: Practical Tips

• Stick to your medication schedule – Missing doses can trigger seizures.

• Get enough rest – Fatigue is a common seizure trigger.

• Manage stress – Try yoga, meditation, or breathing exercises.

• Avoid risky activities alone – Swimming, driving, or working at heights should be done with caution.

• Educate friends and family – They should know what to do during a seizure.

Small lifestyle adjustments can make a big difference in maintaining seizure control and ensuring safety.

When to See a Neurologist

Seek immediate medical help if.

• A seizure lasts more than 5 minutes.

• Multiple seizures occur without regaining consciousness.

• There are breathing problems or injuries during a seizure.

• A first-time seizure happens with no known cause.

Epilepsy is not the end of independence; it’s a challenge that can be met with the right medical care, lifestyle adjustments, and support. Awareness is the first step, treatment is the second, and hope is the constant companion along the way.

Conclusion

If you or someone you love is experiencing epilepsy symptoms, don’t wait. Book an appointment with the expert neurologists at Manipal Hospital Baner for an accurate diagnosis. compassionate care, and advanced treatment options. With the right guidance, epilepsy can be managed, and life can be lived to the fullest. Book an appointment now!