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Menstruation is a biological process experienced by nearly half of the population, yet it remains an overlooked topic in many communities. Proper menstrual hygiene is essential for the health, dignity, and well-being of individuals who menstruate. The 2024 UNICEF-WHO global report shows that only 2 in 5 schools worldwide (39%) provide menstrual health education, and fewer than 1 in 3 schools (31%) have bins in girls' toilets for menstrual waste disposal¹. Inadequate infrastructure and limited awareness around menstrual health contribute to absenteeism, stigma, and negative health outcomes for millions of adolescent girls. Along with vaginal bleeding, menstruation may cause bloating, fatigue, abdominal cramps, mood changes, and other effects such as headaches and nausea.
This blog explores the significance of menstrual health and hygiene, its impact on individual well-being and public health, and the need for education, access, and advocacy to break stigma and promote safe practices.
Synopsis
Understanding Menstrual Hygiene
Menstrual hygiene refers to the use of safe practices and clean materials to manage periods. This includes access to sanitary pads, clean and safe toilets, an adequate water supply, and menstrual health education.
Poor menstrual hygiene practices can lead to various infections, diseases, and gynaecological complications.
The use of unsanitary materials due to cultural taboos, lack of proper knowledge, and limited access all contribute to increased health risk. Addressing menstrual hygiene isn't just about comfort—it's essential for long-term reproductive health.
Types of Menstrual Hygiene Products
Common types of menstrual hygiene products include:
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Sanitary Pads: Whether disposable or reusable, simple to use, and easily accessible
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Tampons: Internal absorbents that are discreet and appropriate for active lifestyles
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Menstrual Cups: Reusable silicone cups; plastic-free; and can be reused for years
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Period Underwear: Absorbent fabric underwear that is comfortable and can be washed.
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Menstrual Discs: Internal, flexible discs; can be worn during intimate activities.
Choosing the right types of menstrual hygiene products depends on menstrual flow, lifestyle, and personal comfort. Access to products and menstrual health education is essential for maintaining hygiene and well-being.
Causes and Consequences of Poor Menstrual Hygiene
Poor menstrual health and hygiene often arise from a combination of systemic, social, and educational barriers, causing health consequences that can easily be prevented.
Here are some causes of poor menstrual hygiene:
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Lack of access to sanitary products due to poverty or supply chain disruptions
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Inadequate sanitation facilities, especially in schools and rural areas
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Cultural taboos and stigma discourage open discussion on menstruation
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Limited menstrual health literacy leaves girls unprepared to manage their first period
Many of these stem from deeper causes of menstrual hygiene mismanagement, including systemic neglect and social silence that hinder education and accessibility.
Potential Consequences include:
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Reproductive and urinary tract infections
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Skin irritation, rashes, and fungal infections
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Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
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Psychological distress and school absenteeism
Menstrual Hygiene Tips for a Safer Period
Small habits can lead to big health improvements. Practising safe menstrual hygiene helps reduce discomfort, prevent infections, and promote overall well-being. Awareness, education, and consistent hygiene routines empower individuals to manage their periods with confidence and care.
Some basic menstrual hygiene tips for a safer period include:
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Change period products regularly: Replace pads every 4–6 hours and tampons every 4–8 hours to prevent infections and maintain hygiene.
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Wash hands before and after changing products to reduce the risk of bacterial transmission.
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Wear breathable underwear: Cotton is ideal, as it absorbs moisture and allows airflow.
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Avoid scented menstrual products: These can irritate the skin and disrupt the natural pH balance of the vaginal area.
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Clean the vulva gently with water: Avoid harsh soaps, and do not wash inside the vagina.
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Dispose of products responsibly: Do not flush period products. Wrap them properly and place them in a sanitary bin.
Preventive Measures: Advocacy and Awareness
The specialists at Manipal Hospitals, Broadway, actively engage in advocacy efforts through school programs, community workshops, and digital campaigns to promote safe menstrual hygiene practices. By fostering open dialogue, they help women and girls manage their periods with dignity and confidence.
Key prevention approaches include:
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Conducting structured awareness sessions to dispel myths and encourage healthy practices.
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Integrating menstrual health into broader adolescent health programs.
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Promoting inclusive messaging by involving men and boys in menstrual health conversations.
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Aligning efforts with national guidelines to enhance access and equity.
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Leveraging social media to normalise menstruation and encourage expert-led discussions and shared experiences.
Conclusion
Promoting menstrual hygiene is not just about health—it’s about dignity, equity, and empowerment. Education, open dialogue, and community action are key to breaking stigma and correcting misinformation. At Manipal Hospitals, Broadway, menstrual health is addressed as a vital public health concern through respectful, patient-centric care. The gynaecology team provides personalised guidance, encourages informed choices, and supports access to safe, hygienic menstrual products. Through outreach, partnerships, and policy-driven initiatives, the hospital works to ensure that every girl and woman can manage menstruation with confidence and care.
FAQ's
Poor menstrual hygiene can lead to a urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection, skin rashes, and, in the worst case, affect long-term fertility. It is important to follow menstrual hygiene tips.
Irregular periods can be caused by hormonal shifts, stress, poor-quality diet, and health problems. It is common for teenagers to have irregular period patterns at first. However, long-term issues should be assessed by a doctor.
You can prevent infection while menstruating by changing to a new product regularly, washing your hands, and rinsing the genital area with water, using a mild, unscented soap if needed. Avoid any scented products such as wipes, sprays, or perfumes, and avoid wearing tight clothing. Additionally, proper disposal reduces the chance of infection.
Signs of poor menstrual hygiene include foul odour, itching, rashes, or recurring infections. These symptoms often arise from using inappropriate menstrual products, not changing them frequently enough, or neglecting hygiene practices. Addressing these issues early can help prevent more serious health complications.
Menstrual hygiene education helps to remove myths and misconceptions about menstruation and promotes practical and safe ways to manage a period. It also helps in empowering girls to take charge of their bodies and manage the menstruation process. Education can lower some of the stigma that has been built around menstruation.
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