Lung Cancer Awareness: Why Early Detection Matters More Than Ever

Understanding Lung Cancer

Lung cancer begins when cells in the lungs grow abnormally and develop a tumour. These tumour cells have the ability to spread to other organs of the body. It is primarily classified into two types:

• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): comprises approximately 85% of lung cancers; encompasses subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Grows more slowly and spreads later than the others.

• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Represents approximately 15% of cases; develops rapidly and tends to spread early to other organs. Strongly associated with cigarette smoking and typically needs aggressive therapy.

Early Symptoms That Should Not Be Ignored

Some early symptoms of lung cancer may be mild, but must not be overlooked. Early recognition will give a greater probability of an early diagnosis and cure. Be alert to these warning signs:

• Cough that persists for weeks or worsens

• Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum

• Chest pain that increases with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing

• Hoarseness or change in voice

• Shortness of breath while performing normal activities

• Unintentional weight loss and persistent tiredness

• Recurring lung infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis

Risk Factors You Need to Know

A number of factors put a person at risk for developing lung cancer. Knowing these enables you to take protective measures:

• Smoking: The number one cause of lung cancer, cigarettes, cigars, and pipes.

• Second-hand smoke: Being exposed to other people's smoke increases risk as well.

• Radon gas: An explanation of a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can build up in homes.

• Workplace risks: Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, diesel fuel, and other poisons.

• Air pollution: Repeated exposure to contaminated air contributes to the risk of unfavourable health outcomes.

• Family history: A history of close family members who have lung cancer can increase your risk.

Screening for Early Detection

Screening is important in identifying lung cancer at an early stage, particularly for individuals who are at high risk. It is able to detect cancer before symptoms arise, enhancing the likelihood of effective treatment.

Those who should get screened are:

1. Individuals from age 50 to 80 with a history of heavy smoking (30 pack-years or more)

2. Active smokers or former smokers who have stopped in the past 15 years

3. The ideal screening test is a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan. It employs low radiation to create images of the lungs.

4. Screening advantages are early detection and a lower risk of mortality. It is not for people of low risk, but can, at times, result in a false positive and need additional tests.

What Happens If Something Is Found

If symptoms or a screening test indicate lung cancer, physicians will request additional tests to confirm the presence of cancer and know its extent. This aids in planning the best treatment.

Diagnostic steps that are most common are:

1. Imaging procedures: Chest X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans to detect tumours and screen for spread

2. Biopsy tests:

• Bronchoscopy (EBUS – TBNA) : passing a thin tube to obtain lung tissue samples

• Needle biopsy: passing a needle through the chest wall to obtain tissue

• Surgical biopsy: to obtain larger samples (when required)

3. Molecular testing: Detects specific genetic mutations to direct targeted therapy

4. Staging: Determines the extent of spread, which affects treatment choices

Treatment Options

Treatment of lung cancer mainly depends on what type of cancer it is and how developed it is when diagnosed. Physicians take these into account to devise an individualized plan that provides the greatest opportunity for success. For Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) diagnosed at an early stage, surgery is recommended as a first preference to excise the tumour. Radiation may also be employed with surgery or in cases where surgery is not feasible.

For more developed NSCLC or Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), therapies tend to consist of combinations of:

• Chemotherapy to reach cancer cells all over the body

• Radiation therapy to shrink tumour growth and ease symptoms

• Targeted therapy, which involves drugs targeting particular genetic alterations in cancer cells

• Immunotherapy to enable the immune system to recognise and fight cancer

In the absence of a cure, palliative care aims to enhance the quality of life through symptom control. Treatment options are diverse, and early detection becomes critical for more choices and improved outcomes.

Outside of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer impacts general well-being, daily living, and emotional states. Addressing these more general issues is crucial to care.

Patients can experience:

• Breathing problems even after treatment, necessitating pulmonary rehabilitation

• Weakness and tiredness that impact daily activities

• Emotional distress, anxiety, and depression are associated with diagnosis and treatment

• Nutritional difficulties caused by loss of appetite or adverse effects of therapy

Prevention Tips for Everyone

Prevention of lung cancer is achieved by the reduction of exposure to risk factors and leading a healthier lifestyle. Here are helpful measures anyone can take:

• Stop smoking and, if necessary, get help to quit successfully

• Avoid second-hand smoke exposure in the home, workplace, and public places

• Test your house for radon gas and take action to lower levels if found

• Wear protective equipment when working with asbestos, chemicals, or other harmful materials

• Enjoy good indoor air quality by ventilating living areas

• Eat a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables to promote lung health

• Exercise regularly to build lung strength and overall immunity

Conclusion

The key to the battle against lung cancer is early detection and prevention. A knowledge of the risks, awareness of symptoms, and prompt action can save lives. If you or a family member is at risk or experiences recurring symptoms, do not hesitate to seek medical advice. 

Take control of your lung health today. Here at Manipal Hospital Vijayawada, our expert pulmonologists offer advanced screening and customised care specifically designed for your needs. Catching it early can make all the difference.  Don't let symptoms get the upper hand. Schedule your lung cancer screening today and be part of the movement for lung cancer awareness. Your health, our priority.