Epilepsy is a brain condition causing recurring seizures without an obvious trigger. Seizures can result from disrupted brain cell connections due to factors like fever, low blood sugar, alcohol withdrawal, or head injuries. A diagnosis of epilepsy is made after two or more unprovoked seizures. Causes include chemical imbalances, tumours, strokes, brain injuries, or unknown factors. It affects people of all ages, races, and backgrounds. Initial treatment for epilepsy involves anti-seizure medications, which help reduce seizure frequency and severity.

● Extracranial neurostimulators deliver electrical stimulation to the brain through nerves outside the brain, primarily using vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), where an electrode around the vagus nerve and a computer battery under the skin deliver regular electrical impulses.

● Immunotherapy addresses epilepsy caused by the immune system attacking the brain with treatments such as high-dose steroids, intravenous human antibodies, plasma exchange, and other immune-suppressing medications.

● Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) involves electrodes detecting and halting seizures by delivering electrical impulses to the seizure focus in the brain. It is used for seizures that are unresponsive to medications and other therapies.

● Brain surgery is the most effective method to eliminate seizures by removing the seizure focus, including traditional and laser surgery, with monitoring through video-EEG and intracranial EEG for precise localisation.