Two common spinal conditions that lead to spinal deformity are Scoliosis and Kyphosis which involve abnormal curvature of the spine. Robotic spine surgery can be beneficial for treating scoliosis and kyphosis because it allows for extremely precise placement of spinal parts. This helps fix the spine's abnormal curvature and provides more stability and support.

Decompression surgery : Decompression surgery: This surgery is performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots caused by a herniated disc, bone spur, or other spinal abnormality. Robotic-assisted spinal decompression entails removing bone or tissue that may be pinching spinal nerves or producing other spinal disorders. The surgeon uses a computer console to operate the robotic arm and camera, providing high precision and accuracy. Also, using robotics may lower the risk of complications, including nerve injury and haemorrhage.

Fusion surgery :This surgery is performed to stabilize the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae together. It is often used to treat spinal fractures or other types of spinal instability.

Spinal instrumentation surgery :This surgery involves the placement of screws, rods, or other devices to provide additional support to the spine.

Spinal cord stimulation surgery :This surgery involves the placement of a device under the skin that delivers electrical impulses to the spinal cord to relieve neurogenic pain unrelenting to medical management.

Degenerative spinal surgeries refer to a group of surgical procedures that are performed to treat spinal conditions that result from the natural wear and tear of the spine over time such as degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or spondylolisthesis can cause significant pain and discomfort. Robotic spine surgery is helpful for degenerative spinal surgeries to improve accuracy.

Discectomy : A discectomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon removes a portion of the intervertebral disc. A herniated or bulging vertebral disc puts pressure on the spinal nerves, causing back pain, leg pain, numbness, or weakness. The surgeon performs a discectomy when all non-surgical treatments fail to relieve the symptoms.

Laminectomy : Laminectomy is a surgical technique that removes a section of the lamina, a spine component. The lamina is a structural support component for the spinal cord and nerves.

Spinal Fusion : During surgery, a portion of each vertebra above and below the damaged vertebral body is removed and fused using metal plates, rods, screws, or other materials inserted between them

Artificial Disc Replacement :A minimally invasive surgical treatment used to treat injured discs in the spine is Robotic arm-assisted artificial disc replacement surgery is used to treat injured discs. It entails employing robotic technology to help the surgeon insert an artificial disc to replace the injured disc. The patient is usually put under general anaesthesia during the surgery. The surgeon uses an intra-operative 3-D scan using an O-arm under a radiolucent table to pinpoint the location of the injured disc and arrange the treatment. Via small incisions in the abdomen or the side of the body, the robotic arm aids the surgeon in inserting the prosthetic disc between the vertebrae.

Multiple treatment options for spinal tumours include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, steroids, and rehabilitation. The ideal treatment modality depends on the type, location, size, and stage of the tumour, the patient's overall health and present medical conditions. Spinal tumours can be benign or malignant growths in or near the spine. Surgery is commonly recommended as the first-line treatment for spinal malignancies. It aims to remove as much of the tumour as possible while causing as little damage to neighbouring tissues as possible. Surgery may be curative in some cases.

Robotic Assisted Surgery for Spine Tumours :Robotic spine surgery lessens the risk of damaging surrounding tissue or nerves and improves the effectiveness of the surgery, leading to better patient outcomes. Pre-operative evaluation is necessary for all surgeries; after evaluation using X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, a patient is put under general anaesthesia. The surgeon makes small incisions in the skin around the impacted area. After acquiring 3-D scans to the robotic system with anatomical data specific to the patient, the surgeon guides the robotic arms to carry out the surgery. The surgeon uses robotic-arm-attached tools to remove the tumour. The robotic system improves visualisation and precision movements and helps to protect healthy tissue. When the tumour has been removed, the incisions are closed with stitches or surgical glue. Following surgery, the patient is closely observed in the recovery room. A few days of hospital stay is necessary.

Congenital anomalies of the spine are conditions present from birth and involve abnormal spine development. These anomalies can affect the bones, nerves, and tissues of the spine and can range from mild to severe. Congenital anomalies of the spine are usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood. Robotic spine surgery is beneficial for treating congenital anomalies of the spine as it allows for meticulous and controlled movements. A few common congenital anomalies of the spine are Scoliosis (this condition causes the spine to bend sideways), Kyphosis (a bone deformity that causes the spine to bend forward - hunchback), and Lordosis (the spine bends backwards). In the case of congenital anomalies of the spine, robotic surgery has been effective to perform procedures such as spinal fusion or corrective surgery for scoliosis. The robotic system allows the surgeon to navigate through the complex structures of the spine with greater accuracy and control than with traditional techniques. The suitability of this approach depends on factors such as the specific type and severity of the anomaly, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history. Patients considering robotic surgery for congenital anomalies of the spine should discuss their options with a qualified spinal surgeon.

Spinal infections are a critical problem needing immediate treatment. Antibiotics, surgery, pain medication, physical therapy, and bracing are all common treatment options. Speaking with a doctor to identify the best treatment plan for spinal infections is critical, as the illness can be fatal if not treated appropriately. Antibiotics, delivered intravenously, are the primary treatment for bacterial infections of the spine. Pain management is a critical component of spinal infection treatment. While the infection is being treated, physical therapy can assist in maintaining spine strength and range of motion. Bracing can help to immobilise the spine and relieve stress on the afflicted area. A doctor may recommend surgery to remove infected tissue, drain abscesses, or stabilise the spine. Robotic spine surgery provides higher precision, less post-operative pain, and a shorter hospital stay.

Robotic Arm-Assisted Spinal Surgery: It’s a minimally invasive procedure employed to remove the infected tissue. The procedure is carried out by a surgeon aided by a robotic arm. This surgery restores optimum blood flow to the infected tissue promoting healing, improving spinal stability, and keeping the damage in check to preserve and restore function. Compared to traditional open surgery, robotic surgery may result in less blood loss, minimal discomfort, and a shorter hospital stay.

Osteoporosis is a disorder that causes bones to deteriorate and become brittle, raising the likelihood of fractures. Lifestyle changes, medicines, hormone therapy, RANKL inhibitors, and PTH analogues are all treatment options. Fall prevention measures include physical therapy, balancing training, and modifying the home environment to lessen tripping hazards. Minimal invasive injection techniques in the early stages and Surgery in extreme situations are required to fix the fractures or correct spinal alignments.

Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Robot-assisted percutaneous vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure. It is used to treat vertebral compression fractures. Such fractures can result from osteoporosis or other medical conditions. A robotic arm assists a surgeon in inserting a needle into the fractured vertebra. The bone cement is used to stabilise the fracture and alleviate discomfort. The patient is given general anaesthesia before the procedure. A surgeon detects the location of the fracture by using an O-arm-based 3-D scan. The robotic arm is then used to place the needle in the correct position in real-time. This procedure offers greater accuracy and reliability as compared to the traditional option.

Balloon Kyphoplasty: It is a minimally invasive method used to repair vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis. The procedure resembles traditional kyphoplasty, but the surgeon is assisted by robotic technology in this case. A robotic arm assists in placing a balloon and bone cement into the damaged vertebra.

During the surgery, the patient is usually sedated or under general anaesthesia. The surgeon uses an intra-operative O-arm-based 3-D scan to locate the fracture and plan the operation. The robotic arm guides a needle into the damaged vertebra and utilises a balloon to create a tiny hole. Once the cavity is ready, the balloon is withdrawn, and bone cement is injected into it to fix the fracture and restore vertebral height.